from sage.combinat.root_system.dynkin_diagram import DynkinDiagram
from sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_characters import WeylCharacterRing
from sage.matrix.special import block_diagonal_matrix, zero_matrix
from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
from . import Quiver
[docs]
def disjoint_union(Q1, Q2):
"""Returns the disjoint union of two quivers Q1 and Q2.
EXAMPLES:
We construct the disjoint union of 2 generalized Kronecker quivers::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q1 = GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(3)
sage: Q2 = GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(4)
sage: Q = disjoint_union(Q1,Q2)
sage: Q
disjoint union of 3-Kronecker quiver and 4-Kronecker quiver
"""
if Q1.get_custom_name() and Q2.get_custom_name():
name = (
"disjoint union of " + Q1.get_custom_name() + " and " + Q2.get_custom_name()
)
else:
name = None
return Quiver(
block_diagonal_matrix(
Q1.adjacency_matrix(), Q2.adjacency_matrix(), subdivide=False
),
name=name,
)
"""Special quivers"""
[docs]
def GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(m: int):
r"""
Return the generalized Kronecker quiver
The generalized Kronecker quiver has two vertices and ``m`` arrows
from the first to the second vertex.
INPUT:
- ``m`` -- integer; number of arrows in the quiver
OUTPUT: the generalized Kronecker quiver as Quiver instance
EXAMPLES:
The generalized Kronecker quiver is as claimed::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(3)
sage: Q.number_of_vertices()
2
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
3
"""
return Quiver([[0, m], [0, 0]], name="{}-Kronecker quiver".format(m))
[docs]
def KroneckerQuiver(m: int = 2):
r"""
Return the Kronecker quiver
The Kronecker quiver has two vertices and 2 arrow from the first
to the second vertex. If the optional parameter ``m`` is specified
we construct the generalized Kronecker quiver on ``m`` arrows;
INPUT:
- ``m`` -- integer (default: `2`); number of arrows in the quiver
OUTPUT: the Kronecker quiver as Quiver instance
EXAMPLES:
The Kronecker quiver is as claimed::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = KroneckerQuiver()
sage: Q.number_of_vertices()
2
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
2
If we specify the number of arrows, we construct a generalized Kronecker quiver::
sage: KroneckerQuiver(3) == GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(3)
True
"""
return GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(m)
[docs]
def ThreeVertexQuiver(m12: int, m13: int, m23: int):
r"""
Constructs a 3-vertex quiver, with and :math:`m_{i,j}` arrows from `i` to `j`.
Thus it is always an acyclic quiver.
INPUT:
- ``m12`` -- integer; number of arrows from 1 to 2
- ``m13`` -- integer; number of arrows from 1 to 3
- ``m23`` -- integer; number of arrows from 2 to 3
EXAMPLES:
A 3-vertex quiver with 5 arrows::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = ThreeVertexQuiver(2, 2, 1); Q
an acyclic 3-vertex quiver of type (2, 2, 1)
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
5
"""
Q = Quiver(
[[0, m12, m13], [0, 0, m23], [0, 0, 0]],
name="an acyclic 3-vertex quiver of type {}".format(
(m12, m13, m23),
),
)
return Q
[docs]
def LoopQuiver(m: int):
r"""
Return the quiver with 1 vertex and ``m`` loops.
This is a synonym for :func:`GeneralizedJordanQuiver`.
EXAMPLES:
This is a synonym::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: LoopQuiver(7) == GeneralizedJordanQuiver(7)
True
.. SEEALSO::
:func:`GeneralizedJordanQuiver`
EXAMPLES:
The loop quiver with 7 loops::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = LoopQuiver(7)
sage: Q.adjacency_matrix()
[7]
"""
Q = GeneralizedJordanQuiver(m)
Q.rename("{}-loop quiver".format(m))
return Q
[docs]
def JordanQuiver(m: int = 1):
r"""
Return the generalized Jordan quiver with ``m`` loops
The default value for ``m`` is 1.
This is a synonym::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: JordanQuiver(7) == GeneralizedJordanQuiver(7)
True
.. SEEALSO::
:func:`GeneralizedJordanQuiver`
EXAMPLES:
The Jordan quiver has one loop::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = JordanQuiver()
sage: Q.adjacency_matrix()
[1]
"""
return GeneralizedJordanQuiver(m)
[docs]
def GeneralizedJordanQuiver(m: int):
r"""
Return the generalized Jordan quiver with ``m`` loops
INPUT:
- ``m`` -- integer; the number of loops in the generalized Jordan quiver
OUTPUT: the generalized Jordan quiver
EXAMPLES:
The generalized Jordan quiver has 1 vertex and ``m`` arrows::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = GeneralizedJordanQuiver(7)
sage: Q.number_of_vertices()
1
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
7
"""
Q = Quiver([[m]], name="generalized Jordan quiver with {} loops".format(m))
if m == 1:
Q.rename("Jordan quiver")
return Q
[docs]
def SubspaceQuiver(m: int):
r"""
Return the subspace quiver with ``m`` sources
The sources are labelled :math:`1,\ldots,m` and the sink is :math:`m+1`; there is
one arrow from every source to the sink.
INPUT:
- ``m`` -- integer; the number of sources in the subspace quiver
OUTPUT: the subspace quiver with ``m`` sources
EXAMPLES:
The subspace quiver with ``m`` sources has ``m`` arrows and ``m+1`` vertices::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = SubspaceQuiver(6)
sage: Q.number_of_vertices()
7
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
6
The subspace quiver with 2 sources is also a 3-vertex quiver::
sage: SubspaceQuiver(2) == ThreeVertexQuiver(0, 1, 1)
True
"""
M = zero_matrix(ZZ, m + 1)
for i in range(m):
M[i, m] = 1
Q = Quiver(M, "{}-subspace quiver".format(m))
return Q
[docs]
def ThickenedSubspaceQuiver(m, k):
r"""
Return the thickened subspace quiver with ``m`` sources
The sources are labelled :math:`1,\ldots,m` and the sink is :math:`m+1`; there are
``k`` arrows from every source to the sink.
- ``m`` -- integer; the number of sources in the subspace quiver
- ``k`` -- integer; the number arrows from a source to the sink
OUTPUT: the subspace quiver with ``m`` sources and ``k`` arrows from each source
EXAMPLES:
The ``k``-thickened subspace quiver with ``m`` sources has ``km`` arrows, ``m+1``
vertices::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = ThickenedSubspaceQuiver(6, 2)
sage: Q.number_of_vertices()
7
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
12
The ``k``-thickened subspace quiver with 2 sources is also a 3-vertex quiver::
sage: ThickenedSubspaceQuiver(2, 6) == ThreeVertexQuiver(0, 6, 6)
True
"""
Q = GeneralizedSubspaceQuiver(m, [k] * m)
Q.rename(
"thickened subspace quiver with {} sources and multiplicity {}".format(m, k)
)
return Q
[docs]
def GeneralizedSubspaceQuiver(m, K):
r"""
Return the generalized subspace quiver with ``m`` sources and multiplicities ``K``
The sources are labelled :math:`1,\ldots,m` and the sink is :math:`m+1`;
there are are :math:`K_i` arrows from every source :math:`i=1,\ldots,m` to the sink.
- ``m`` -- integer; the number of sources in the subspace quiver
- ``K`` -- list of integers; the number arrows from the `i`-th source to the sink
OUTPUT: the subspace quiver with ``m`` sources and ``K_i`` arrows from each source
EXAMPLES:
The generalized subspace quiver with `m` sources and multiplicities `K`
has :math:`\sum_{i=1}^mK_i` arrows and :math:`m+1` vertices::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: Q = GeneralizedSubspaceQuiver(6, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
sage: Q.number_of_vertices()
7
sage: Q.number_of_arrows()
21
The generalized subspace quiver with 2 sources is also a 3-vertex quiver::
sage: GeneralizedSubspaceQuiver(2, (2, 3)) == ThreeVertexQuiver(0, 2, 3)
True
"""
assert len(K) == m
M = zero_matrix(ZZ, m + 1)
for i in range(m):
M[i, m] = K[i]
Q = Quiver(M, name="a generalized {}-subspace quiver".format(m))
return Q
[docs]
def DynkinQuiver(T):
r"""
Return the Dynkin quiver of type `T`
The type `T` is to be taken as in the Sage method `DynkinDiagram`,
and the quiver is oriented lexigraphically in the vertices of the diagram.
INPUT:
- ``T``: a Dynkin type, as documented in the Sage method `DynkinDiagram`
OUTPUT: the Dynkin quiver with lexicographic ordering on the vertices
EXAMPLES:
The :math:`\mathrm{A}_2` quiver is the generalized Kronecker quiver with 1 arrow::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: DynkinQuiver("A2") == GeneralizedKroneckerQuiver(1)
True
The Dynkin quiver :math:`\mathrm{D}_4` is a different orientation of the 3-subspace
quiver::
sage: DynkinQuiver("D4") == SubspaceQuiver(3)
False
We can also consider disconnected Dynkin quivers::
sage: Q = DynkinQuiver("A3xA4")
sage: Q.is_connected()
False
"""
M = DynkinDiagram(T).adjacency_matrix()
# orient the quiver lexicographically
for i in range(M.nrows()):
for j in range(i):
M[i, j] = 0
return Quiver(M, "Dynkin quiver of type {}".format(T))
[docs]
def ExtendedDynkinQuiver(T):
r"""
Return the Dynkin quiver of type `T`
The type `T` is a string which can be passed onto the Sage method `DynkinDiagram`,
and the quiver is oriented lexigraphically in the vertices of the diagram.
The special vertex thus comes first.
INPUT:
- ``T`` -- string: a Dynkin type, as documented in the Sage method `DynkinDiagram`
OUTPUT: the extended Dynkin quiver with lexicographic ordering on the vertices
EXAMPLES:
The extended :math:`\mathrm{A}_1` quiver is the Kronecker quiver::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: ExtendedDynkinQuiver("A1") == KroneckerQuiver()
True
"""
# the adjacency matrix of an extended Dynkin diagram ignores multiple arrows
# so we modify the Cartan matrix
D = WeylCharacterRing(T).extended_dynkin_diagram()
M = -D.cartan_matrix()
# orient the quiver lexicographically
for i in range(M.nrows()):
M[i, i] = 0
for j in range(i):
M[i, j] = 0
return Quiver(M, "Extended Dynkin quiver of type {}".format(T))
[docs]
def CyclicQuiver(n):
r"""
Return the cyclic quiver on ``n`` vertices
This is the quiver with ``n`` vertices and ``n`` arrows from `i` to `i+1`
for :math:`i=1,\ldots,n`, with `n+1=1`.
INPUT:
- ``n``-- integer; the number of vertices (and arrows)
OUTPUT: cyclic quiver on `n` vertices
EXAMPLES:
The doubled Dynkin quiver of type :math:`\mathrm{A}_2` is also the cyclic quiver on
2 vertices::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: CyclicQuiver(2) == DynkinQuiver("A2").doubled_quiver()
True
"""
M = zero_matrix(n)
for i in range(n):
M[i, (i + 1) % n] = 1
return Quiver(M, "Cyclic quiver on {} vertices".format(n))
[docs]
def BipartiteQuiver(m, n):
r"""
Return the bipartite quiver with ``m`` sources and ``n`` sinks
This is the quiver with `m+n` vertices, having 1 arrow from each of
the first `m` vertices to the each of the last `n` vertices.
INPUT:
- ``m`` -- non-negative integer; number of sources
- ``n`` -- non-negative integer; number of sinks
OUTPUT: bipartite quiver with ``m`` sources and ``n`` sinks
EXAMPLES:
When `m=n=1` we get the :math:`\mathrm{A}_2` quiver::
sage: from quiver import *
sage: BipartiteQuiver(1, 1) == DynkinQuiver("A2")
True
When `m=2` and `n=1` we get a 3-vertex quiver::
sage: BipartiteQuiver(2, 1) == ThreeVertexQuiver(0, 1, 1)
True
"""
M = zero_matrix(m + n)
for i in range(m):
for j in range(n):
M[i, m + j] = 1
return Quiver(M, "bipartite quiver on {} sources and {} sinks".format(m, n))
